Carbohydrate Metabolism

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Rapaport- Leubering Cycle, It is a supplementary pathway to glycolysis. Rapaport-Leubering cycle is mainly concerned with the synthesis of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate in the RBC. In this cycle, 1,3 – BPG is converted into 2, 3 –BPG by an enzyme biphosphoglycerate mutase. 2,3- BPG is then converted into 3- phosphoglycerate by enzyme 2,3- biphosphoglycerate phosphatase.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys. Gluconeogenesis supplies the needs for plasma glucose between meals. Gluconeogenesis is essentially the reversal of glycolysis.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Glycolysis, It is the process by which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, two hydrogen ions and two molecules of water. Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic states. In aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation leading to the net production of 32 ATP molecules.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about regulation, significance and disorders of glycolysis. Glycolysis is important in the cell because glucose is the main source of fuel for tissues in the body. Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Regulation of glycolysis occurs at three points of the pathway. The process does not use oxygen and is therefore anaerobic. Hemolytic anemia, atrial standstill 1, triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, deficiency anemia, abdominal obesity- metabolic syndrome 1 are some of the disorders related to glycolysis.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Amphibolic role, energetics, regulation and anaplerotic reaction of TCA cycle. TCA cycle is the final common pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and protein metabolism. The TCA cycle consists of eight steps catalyzed by eight different enzymes.

TCA cycle is the series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP. It is also known as the Tricarboxylic Cycle and is also known as Kreb's Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about the Electron Transport Chain. The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about the Glycogen Metabolism 2. Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that permits glucose storage in humans. The liver and skeletal muscle store most of the body’s glycogen. Glycogen metabolism is strongly related to glucose metabolism despite the cell type or the organism where it is found. Glycogen metabolism is dependent on conversion of the inactive enzyme phosphorylase b to its active form, phosphorylase a.