CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Glycolysis, It is the process by which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, two hydrogen ions and two molecules of water. Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic states. In aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation leading to the net production of 32 ATP molecules.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about regulation, significance and disorders of glycolysis. Glycolysis is defined as the sequence of reactions converting glucose to pyruvate or lactate, with the production of ATP. Regulation of glycolysis occurs at three points of the pathway. These correspond to the steps with the largest negative free energy changes. Glycolysis is important in the cell because glucose is the main source of fuel for tissues in the body. Disorders of glycolysis are Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, hemolytic, anemia, atrial standstill, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, deficiency anemia.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Rapaport- Leubering Cycle, It is a supplementary pathway to glycolysis. Rapaport-Leubering cycle is mainly concerned with the synthesis of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate in the RBC. In this cycle, 1,3 – BPG is converted into 2, 3 –BPG by an enzyme biphosphoglycerate mutase. 2,3- BPG is then converted into 3- phosphoglycerate by enzyme 2,3- biphosphoglycerate phosphatase.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Amphibolic role, energetics, regulation and anaplerotic reaction of TCA cycle. TCA cycle is the final common pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and protein metabolism. The TCA cycle consists of eight steps catalyzed by eight different enzymes.

In this eLearning module, you will learn about Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys. Gluconeogenesis supplies the needs for plasma glucose between meals. Gluconeogenesis is essentially the reversal of glycolysis.